Ephedra has some of the same properties as adrenaline, although the native american variety ephedra gerardiana contains less ephedrine than the chinese variety, ma huang ephedra sinica. These species grow in dry climate over wide areas of the northern hemisphere including north america,europe, north africa, and south west and central asia. Ephedrine is a bronchodilator and it raises heart rate and blood pressure. Even during the time of the roman empire, ephedra was well known and described until it was eventually dropped from medieval european literature jones, 1999. This species is found scattered in the drier regions of. Ephedra gerardiana epegeoverview eppo global database. Polyploidy in gymnosperms insights into the genomic and. Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. Ephedrine is extracted from the green branches of ephedra gerardiana wall. The present study was aimed at evaluating the crude extracts of ephedra gerardiana root and stem with different chemicals for antioxidant and. Pdf stratification and mapping of ephedra gerardiana wall. It is shown by c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that the labelled c2 fragment of. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. For species with more than two cytotypes, ephedra fasciculata was notable for having four cytotypes 2x4x5x6x based on the analysis of eight individuals, while e.
The current study was carried out to fill this gap of information about this. Some dozen or so species occur in the western united states, with three ephedra viridis, ephedra cutleri, ephedra torreyana common in the four corners area. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ephedra. A high altitude plant used to treat altitude sickness. Plants profile for ephedra gerardiana gerard jointfir. However, the detailed information about the habitat and food utilization by these urial has not been collected so far. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. Biological source it is obtained from the dried tender stems of the chinese wonder drug ma huang which is being used in the chinese systems of medicine for more than five thousand years.
It is the source of ephedrine alkaloids and has an extremely long history of use in china. The qinghaitibetan plateau qtp has become one of the hotspots for phylogeographical studies due to its high species diversity. This file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. It has many branched stems, straight branches and minute leaves, reduced to twotoothed sheaths or covering. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, scalelike, basally connate and reduced to membranous sheaths. Well im posting so that this thread has more accurate information that is backed by published reports ephedra equisetina is the ephedra species that contains the highest ephedrine content although that is at the high end and there is a pretty wide range. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. An ephedra gerardiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga ephedra, ngan familia nga ephedraceae subspecies. Besides some ornamental species, an antibiotic, ephedrine is obtained from several species of ephedra, such as e gerardiana, e. The actual quantity may also differ considerably from that stated. Ephedra gerardiana wax present, as minute platelets, cuticle ridged, usually exerted, epidermal cells elongated rectangular, transverse wall indistinct, anticlinal wall grooved, anticlinal wall and periclinal wall level convex, wavy, vasculature not found, profuse wax. Media in category ephedra gerardiana this category contains only the following file.
Ephedra ephedras have been used at least for 5000 years in china, probably elsewhere. There came a time when the aryans were no longer able to find the original psychoactive plant known as soma, perhaps because the identity of that plant was being kept secret or had been lost, and so the sacred soma beverage began to be prepared using substitute plants, including e. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Single herb capsules,ayurvedic herbs, raw herbs, essential oils, herbal extracts, natural healing herbs, herbal syrups, ayurvedic syrups, indian ayurvedic medicines, indian ayurvedic products, ayurvedic herbs from india, ayurvedic herbs for men, ayurvedic herbs for women.
Ephedra gerardiana, and a closely associated tactory. Members of this genus contain various medicinally active alkaloids but notably ephedrine and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death ma huang has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 5 millennia. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Supplements containing ephedra extracts are a popular herbal stimulant. Cheng, accepted in frps but treated here as a synonym of e. Climate climate, the long term weather of an area, is the outcome of various factors like water condition, temperature, rainfall, evaporation, sunlight, wind and so on. More recently, the importance of some ephedra species as potential cash crops in india and the united. Ephedra gerardiana has been similarly employed in indian folk medicine since old times. We do not use these to store personal information about you. Ephedrine can be produced by chemical synthesis and in its pure form. Ephedra is the source of the drug ephedrine, and it has been used in chinese medicine to treat respiratory complaints since at least 5000 bc.
Roberts 1997 reported urial consuming the leaves of hippophae rhamnoides in baltistan. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license version 3. Diversity of flowering plants in nubri valley, manaslu. The english names for this herb are ephedra, mahuang. The temperate database is in the process of being updated, with new. Ephedra gerardiana in kew science plants of the world online. Ephedra gerardiana botanischer garten, dresden, germany dsc08778. Molecular characterization of ephedra species found in. Lamedicca well known for exporters, manufacturers, suppliers, and wholesalers of indian. An ephedra gerardiana in uska species han plantae in nahilalakip ha divisio nga gnetophyta, ngan nga ginhulagway ni nathaniel wallich ngan otto stapf. Ephedra products contain ephedra haulm or extracts of ephedra haulm and their ephedra alkaloid content differs widely. It is shown by c nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that the labelled c2 fragment of pyruvic acid is transferred intact into the cmethyl group and the adjacent carbon atom of the ephedra alkaloids, norephedrine, ephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, and pseudoephedrine, in growing plants of ephedra gerardiana. Ephedra ephedra sinica, also known as mahuang, is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine that are ingredients in many overthecounter products.
The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with. Ephedra gerardiana ma huang, gerard jointfir pfaf plant database. The genus ephedra is one such important group of medicinal plants. Which ephedra species contains the highest ephedrine. Ephedra gerardiana is a species of ephedra, endemic to the mountains of afghanistan, bhutan, northern india, nepal, pakistan, sikkim, tajikistan, and tibet. Somlata ephedra gerardiana uses, health benefits, dosage, medicinal properties botanical name. Ephedra gerardiana ephedrine will reach a height of 0. Karyotypes of seven ephedra species with a range of ploidy levels are given in appendix a1, figs a2 and a3. Usda, ars, germplasm resources information network.
The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major. Phylogeographic evidence for a link of species divergence. The fda regulates ephedrine, the synthesized form of ephedra. Ephedra the ephedra family, ephedraceae, has but one genus, ephedra. Beds and borders, drought tolerant, gravel, ground cover, low maintenance, rock. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine.
Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. Ephedra viridis is the most common ephedra in our area, but any one of the three. General information about ephedra gerardiana epege this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience.
It has sunken stomata and thick cuticle, and the stem is the photosynthetic organ which may thus be called a phylloclade. Ephedra is a low stalky shrub with jointed green to brown stems and tiny unnoticeable leaves. Ephedra gerardiana in world checklist of selected plant families. Ephedra gerardiana is an evergreen shrub growing to 0. Beverage made with the ephedra plant have been referred to under many names, e. Ephedra gerardiana ma huang, gerard jointfir pfaf plant. Ephedra californica and ephedra viridis contain pseudoephedrine, but no ephedrine adams jr. The arabic names for this herb are alend, zanbul khail. It is helpful when used to boost stamina, energy and circulation since ephedra acts directly on the muscle cells, stimulating the nervous system and. Members of this genus contain various medicinally active alkaloids but notably ephedrine and they are widely used in preparations for the treatment of asthma and catarrh. Ephedrine is effective in treating asthma, bronchitis, cough and hayfever.